S.N. Kuznetsov, L.L. Lazutin, U.Manninen, A.N. Podorolsky, A.Ranta, S.N. Samsonov, A.V. Shirochkov, and B.Yu. Yushkov
Solar Protons in the Earth’s Magnetosphere from Riometric and Satellite Data During Magnetic Storms in October 2003
ISSN 0038-0946, Solar System Research, 2007, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 433–438. © Pleiades Publishing, Inc., 2007. pdf   abstract

Л.Л. Лазутин, С.Н. Кузнецов, Ю. Маннинен, А. Ранта, С.Н. Самсонов, А.В. Широчков, Б.Ю. Юшков
Солнечные протоны в магнитосфере земли По риометрическим и спутниковым данным Во время магнитных бурь в октябре 2003 г.
Астрономический вестник, 2007, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 466–471.
doc   abstract

L.L. Lazutin, S.N. Kuznetsov†, M.I. Panasyuk
Solar cosmic rays as a source of the temporary inner radiation belts
accepted to ASR, 2009 PDF (E)

S.N. Kuznetsov†, L.L. Lazutin, M.I. Panasyuk, L.I. Starostin, Yu.V. Gotseliuk, N. Hasebe, K. Sukurai and M. Hareyama,
Solar particle dynamics during magnetic storms of July 23-27, 2004.
JASR, (2008), doi:10.1016/j.asr.2008.09.014 DOC PDF
Kozelova T. V., Kozelov B. V., Lazutin L. L.,
Local gradient of energetic ion flux during dipolarization on 6-7 RE,
Advances in Space Research, Special issue: Streamers, Slow Solar Wind, and the Dynamics of the Magnetosphere,
Edited by R. Esser, R. von Steiger, A.T.Y. Lui, P.T. Newell and O.A. Troshichev , 33, 5, 2004,774-779 pdf   abstract
Lazutin L., G.Starkov , C-I..Meng , D.G. Sibeck ,J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, Kan Liou , T. Kornilova, and G. Reeves,
Westward Traveling Surge dynamics and the local structure of an isolated substorm,
Adv. Space Res.,Vol.28, #11, 1623-1629, 2001 pdf   abstract

Lazutin L., Borovkov L.P., Kozelova T.V., Kornilov I.A., Tagirov V.R., A.Korth, J. Stadsnes, S.Ullaland,
Investigation of the conjugasy between auroral breakup and energetic electron injection
J.Geophys. Res., 105, A8, 18495-18504, 2000, pdf   abstract

Substorms-7, Levi, Finland, 2004

T. Kozelova, L. Lazutin, B. Kozelov, N. Meredith, M. Danielides , J. Jussila , and A. Korth
Multiple-onset substorm case study:1. Particle dynamics in the inner magnetosphere
   Proceedings of the 7th international Conference on substorms,
ed. by N. Ganushkina and T. Pulkkinen, FMI, Helsinki, 172-176, 2004 pdf (E.)
L. Lazutin, N. Meredith, T. Kozelova, B. Kozelov, M. Danielides , J. Jussila , and A. Korth 
Multiple-onset substorm case study: 2. Pre-onset, auroral onset and expansion
Proceedings of the 7th international Conference on substorms,
ed. by N. Ganushkina and T. Pulkkinen, FMI, Helsinki, 208-212, 2004 pdf (E.)   
A. Weatherwax, T. Rosenberg, S.N. Kuznetsov, L.L. Lazutin 
Precipitation of 0.5 MeV electrons and substorm expansion into the polar cap
  pdf (E.)   абстракт

Substorm-6, Washington, 2002

L. Lazutin, A.Korth, T. Kozelova
Fast Bursts of High Energy Protons and Their Role in Triggering of the Substorm Onset Instability, Substorm-6, Washington, 2002 
  pdf   abstract
L. Lazutin, K. Kauristie, T. Kornilova, M. Uspensky
On the Relation of Auroral Activity of the Polar Boundary Arc and the Equatorial Part of an Oval, Substorm-6, Washington, 2002
   pdf   abstract

Substorm-5, St.Petersburg, 2000

L. Lazutin, T. Kozelova, A.Korth,
Fast changes of energetic particles intensity near the boundary detween the magnetotail and trapping region during substorm activations
Substorm-6, St.Petersburg, 2000, ESA-SP443, p. 515-518  pdf   abstract

Substorm-4, Nagoya, 1998

L. Lazutin, A.Korth
Distribution of the energetic particle "injection" events along the radiation belt slope.,
Substorm-4, edited by S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide, pp. 817-820, Terra, Tokyo, 1998    pdf   abstract

L Lazutin, T Kozelova ,R Rasinkangas, A Korth, H Singer, J Stadsness, S. Ullaland, K Torkar
Radiation belt proton contribution to substorm structure and dynamics.
Substorm-4, edited by S. Kokubun and Y. Kamide, pp. 57-550, Terra, Tokyo, 1998    pdf   abstract

Physics of auroral phenomena, Annual Seminars, Apatity, 2004-2008

N. Hasebe, K. Sukurai, M. Hareyama L. Lazutin, E. Muravieva, Yu. Gotselyuk, I. Myagkova and B. Jushkov Variations of the energetic particles in the radiation belts after the July 22-30, 2004 magnetic storms Proc. XXXI Annual Seminar, Apatity, pp. 17 - 20, 2008 (PDF-E)

   L.L. Lazutin, and S.N. Kuznetsov
Study of the solar proton belts in the inner magnetosphere
Proc. XXIX Annual Seminar, Apatity, pp. 104 - 107, 2006
pdf   abstract

   T.V. Kozelova, L.L. Lazutin, B.V. Kozelov, N. Meredith
Substorm low-energy particle decrease Near the inner edge of the plasma sheet
Proc. XXIX Annual Seminar, Apatity, pp. 96 - 99, 2006
pdf(R)   abstract

On the contribution of solar cosmic rays to the formation of the earth proton radiation belt
Lazutin L.L., Logachev Yu.I.
Estimation of the solar cosmic ray contribution into the Earth outer radiation belt (L>2) is given for different phases of solar activity cycle. It is shown that during high activity years trapped protons with the energy of 1-5 MeV most of time have solar cosmic rays as a source, while during the minimum of solar activity traditional mechanism of the radial diffusion caused by IMF sudden impulses take place.  

PROTON 1-20 MeV BELT AT L=2
Lazutin L.L.
SUMMARY Maximum of proton 1 MeV belt in undisturbed magnetosphere is situated at L=3. During strong magnetic storms capture of SCR protons take place, usually to L 2.5-3, but occasionally to L~2. Trapped proton intensity after additional acceleration might be by two order higher than quite L=3 belt. In this work time history of L=2 belt was studied using measurements of three low-altitude satellites. It was shown that ths belt remains at enhanced level at least for three years.  

Суббуря 12.03.1991. Часть 1. /Substorm 12.03.1991, Part 1 /
Abstract. We study the substorm signatures in the ionosphere and in the magnetosphere during one selected event (12 March 1991). This event of a moderate complexity was a sequence of optical pseudo-breakups and a double breakup followed by the large substorm expansion. Auroral dynamics was recorded by TV and four all-sky cameras over the Scandinavia. The data from an array of the ground-based magnetometers in the sector of the geomagnetic longitudes from ~80 O to 190 O were used. Simultaneously we analyzed the observations from the CRRES near the earthward edge of plasma sheet westward of the substorm onset sector. The first part of the study presents analysis of the substorm activity and the dynamics of the auroral ions. It was found that the increases of the auroral ion intenssity occurs together with auroral activations but before the magnetic field dipolarization and that energetic electron and ion substorm injections are two different events.  

Суббуря 12.03.1991. Часть 2. /Substorm 12.03.1991, Part 2 /

Abstract. The second part of the substorm case study investigates the problem of auroral electron dynamics, description and explanation of the main steps of the auroral electron acceleration (injection), relation between field-aligned electron plasma fluxes and energetic electron increase at the substorm onset. Electron behaviour both during large-scale dipolarization and localised activation are studied. Combination of the inductive electric field and betatron acceleration mechanisms with magnetic drift shell shift may explain observed features of the electron dynamics.
 

On the structure of the disturbed magnetosphere, L. Lazutin
The quasitrapping region (QTR) of the nightside magnetosphere is eider absent on the most of the magnetospheric models or merged with magnetotail plasma region. However QTR and magnetotail are separate regions which differ by magnetic field topology and particle population and currents. Projected into ionosphere, QTR conjugates with equatorial and central parts of the active auroral zone, while plasmatail corresponds to outer boundary part of auroral oval or to boundary arc. In disturbed magnetosphere wide QTR separates radiation belt from the magnetotail. It is shown that "isotropic boundary" identified from low-altitude satellite measurements is interpreted as a boundary between stable trapping and tailward stretched magnetic field lines by mistake. Correct magnetosphere model and correct terminology are important for the understanding of the substorm and magnetic storm physics.
 

October 2003 magnetic storms, Collaboration "Solar extreme events 2003 (SEE - 2003)"
This paper represent the first results of recently established collaboraton of Russian academic and educational institutions are working in the field of solar-terrestrial science. Experimental material, based both onground and satellites data, is presented and discussed about different phenomena observed on the Sun, in the heliosphere and inside the magnetosphere during the period of extremely strong solar activity in October-November, 2003. Possible cause-sequence relations between observed processes are considered based on this information and on the comparison with other similar situations in the past, as well as on the available theoretical arguments. The results demonstrate that physical causes of solar and heliospheric phenomena in October-November, 2003 are not localized only in the active regions and above them on the Sun. The energy reservoirs and driving forces of these processes are distributed more globally. Driving subphotospheric processes could proceed quickly and in a rather unexpected manner which difficult to predict. As usually, sunspots and other tracers (e.g. magnetic fields, motions and different kinds of radiation) can be used as diagnostic tools to follow these abrupt transformations on the Sun. Besides effects of solar storms, radiation storms, reached the extreme value during this time period, both in heliosphere and in magnetosphere is analyzed. For this purpose satellite's ( Coronas-F, Meteor-3,Express and Russian segment of ISS)data together with onground neutron monitors stations results were analyzed. Effects of magnetic storms caused by the strong interplanetary shocks and reached the largest value for this solar cycle are discussed using both experimental data and modeling result. The main phase of the magnetic storms were accompanied by intense substorm activity and aurora for the first time registered by several optical observatories in subauroral and middle latitudes. Joint ground-based and satellite observations (Coronas-F, Meteor and Express) alow to study in details dynamics of the magnetosphere boundaries, trapping regions and magnetotail. This storms caused the significant increase of radiation doses onboard piloted ISS which is discussing in this report as well.

  Структура суббуревых активизаций в области квазизахвата Л. Л. Лазутин, Т. В. Козелова
На основании большого числа измерений магнитного поля и энергичных частиц на спутнике CRRES и наземных данных дается описание тонкой структуры первых нескольких минут взрывной активизации суббури. Главный результат заключается в обнаружении неизвестного ранее и невидимого с Земли в полярных сияниях быстрого возрастания потока энергичных ионов перед самым началом суббуревой диполизации магнитного поля. Высказывается предположение, что появление избыточного потока энергичных ионов триггирует локальную взрывную суббуревую активизацию. Предложена модель токового меандра, объясняющая генерацию индукционного электрического поля, токового клина и других эффектов взрывного начала суббури.

The Structure of Substorm Activations in the Quasi-Trapping Region L. L. Lazutin and T. V. Kozelova
Based on a large number of measurements of the magnetic field and energetic particles onboard the @CRRES@ satellite and on ground-based measurements we describe the fine structure of the first several minutes of the expansion activation of a substorm. The main result is that we have found a fast enhancement of the flux of energetic ions immediately before the beginning of substorm dipolization of the magnetic field. This effect was not known earlier, and the enhancement is invisible from the ground during auroras. We suggest that the appearance of an excess flux of energetic ions has a triggering effect on the local expansion activation of a substorm. The model of a current meander is put forward, which explains the generation of an inductance electric field, current wedge, and other effects of the expansion commencement of a substrorm.
 

Fast Bursts of High Energy Protons and Their Role in Triggering of the Substorm Onset Instability L. Lazutin¹, A. Korth,²T. Kozelova³
1. - Space Physics Division, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia; lazutin@dec1.npi.msu.su 2. - Max-Planck-Institute fur Aeronomie, Katlenburg-Lindau, D-37191, Germany 3.- Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Murmansk Region, 184200, Russia
Several seconds prior to the local substorm onset (beginning of the dipolarization) the fast increases of a high energy ion flux were observed by CRRES particle detector within energy range restricted from the bellow at 50-200 keV level.
It is possible that these bursts are responsible for the triggering of onset instability.
The absence of simultaneous increase of the electrons and the middle energy ions suggests a resonant acceleration of the trigger bursts.
 

Auroral Activity of the Polar Boundary Arc and the Equatorial Part of an Oval During Substorms L.Lazutin¹, K. Kauristie², T. Kornilova³, and M. Uspensky²
1. - Space Physics Division, Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Moscow State University, 119992, Moscow, Russia;
2. - Finnish Meteorological Institute< Helsinki< Finland
3. - Polar Geophysical Institute, Apatity, Murmansk Region, 184200, Russia
A substorm scheme with independent development of the activity in the inner magnetosphere and at the trapping boundary in the magnetotail regions is discussed. As examples analysis of the auroral TV observations during several substorms is presented.
 

Local gradient of energetic ion flux during dipolarization on 6-7 Re T. V. Kozelova, B. V. Kozelov L. L. Lazutin
Injections of energetic particles and dipolarization of magnetic field are well-known signatures of magnetospheric substorm in the near-Earth region of plasma sheet. However, the physical processes associated with these phenomena are not fully understood. The pressure gradient and anisotropy are significant parameters for understanding of physics of the substorm development.
Kozelova et al (1986) found in study of GEOS 2 data that the anticorrelation between the proton and electron fluxes is connected with the western edge of the expansive auroral bulge (with the spatial extent >100 km and with duration near 10 min). Inside the active region, where the dipolarization is observed, the proton fluxes are reduced and the electric field is directed westward. The increase (or decrease) of proton flux may be interpreted as satellite entry into the region of enhanced (or decreased) plasma pressure since energetic protons give the main contribution to the pressure.
Here we examined the CRRES data from several detectors which measured the particles in a different directions. We found the similar variations of the energetic particle fluxes (protons >37 keV and electrons > 21.5 keV) associated with the local dipolarization, however these variations were observed during the shorter interval of 30-40 s (Kozelova et al, 2002). Sometimes the azimuthal anisotropy of proton fluxes of different energy may be different and the flux variations are noncoherent within a small spatial region comparable to the proton gyroradius (here from 350 to 1400 km). Dispersionless energetic electron injection coincides with the dipolarization and with the drop of the 37-54 keV proton flux. This proton drop begins eastward of the CRRES and then expand westward with the velocity of 130 - 350 km/s.
 

Distribution of the energetic particle "injection" events along the radiation belt slope Lazutin L., Korth A.
Dispersionless increases of the energetic electrons and ions usually referred as injection are known as an important process of the onset or intensification of magnetospheric substorm active phase. The CRRES satellite nearly half of each orbit (5-6 hours) was moving through the outer radiation belt and therefore is favorable for the statistical study of the injection events.
Statistical distribution of the injections versus local time, radial distance or L-value have been published. But as the magnetosphere is changing considerably during substorms, it is important to know the relative position of the injections comparative to the main magnetospheric regions, such as radiation belt or magnetotail. For this purpose we introduce a relative distance (RD) index as a ratio of the particle intensity at the maximum of the radiation belt to the intensity at the belt slope at the moment of the observation.
The results shown, that injection region is superimposed with the outer radiation belt. inside. Their number and averaged injection amplitude are decreasing toward the isotropic boundary of 20-50 keV electrons.  

Solar protons and riometric absorption Lazutin L. et. al.
—The fluxes and penetration boundaries of solar energetic particles on the CORONAS-F satellite during October 2003 superstorms are compared with the riometric absorption measurements on a worldwide network of riometers. The dynamics of the polar cap boundaries is investigated at various phases of magnetic storms. The dependence of absorption on time of the day and on solar proton spectrum is calculated at various phases of a solar energetic particle event.

Потоки и границы проникновения солнечных космических лучей, измеренные на ИСЗ "КОРОНАС-Ф" во время октябрьских супербурь 2003г., сравниваются с измерениями риометрического поглощения на мировой сети риометров. Исследуется динамика границ полярной шапки на разных стадиях магнитных бурь. Рассчитана зависимость величины поглощения на разных стадиях вспышки солнечных космических лучей от времени суток и спектра солнечных протонов.

CREATION AND DESTRUCTION OF THE SOLAR PROTON BELTS IN THE INNER MAGNETOSPHERE DURING MAGNETIC STORMS. Lazutin L.L., Kuznetsov S.N., and Podorolsky A.N.
Along with the stable inner proton belt, temporal variations of the 1-15 MeV protons at L=2.5-3.5 have been reported, with intensity increases and decreases registered during and after strong magnetic storms. As a source of this additional proton population, energetic plasmasheet ions and solar protons were considered. For the explanation of the origin of the additional proton belt the models of resonant acceleration and radial particle injection were introduced, with strong electric field induced by the compression of the magnetosphere as a driver. Our study presents experimental evidences that creation and destruction of solar proton belts in the inner magnetosphere may be produced by the fast shifts of the proton penetration boundary without additional acceleration and injection. Our conclusions are based on the solar protons and ions measurements by low altitude polar orbiter Coronas-F during October - November 2003 magnetic storms events. Several times creation and destruction of solar cosmic ray belts were observed during this interval. Compression of the magnetosphere make possible direct penetration of the solar protons deep into the magnetosphere. Inside the proton penetration boundary particle trajectories are open and previously trapped particles are free to escape. During magnetosphere reconfiguration when penetration boundary shifts away from the Earth, solar protons and alpha particles with relatively low magnetic drift velocity became stable trapped. Therefore discussed effect differs from the SC induced solar proton injection events by the restricted energy range of the trapped protons.

Solar proton dynamics in the earths magnetosphere during the nqvember 2004 — january 2005 magnetic storms Lazutin L.L., Gotselyuk Yu.V., Muravjeva E.A., Mjagkova I.N., Panasyuk M.I., Starostin L.I., Yushkov B.Yu., (1), Kudela K. (2), Hasebe N., Sukurai K., Hareyama M. (3)
Energetic particle measurements by CORONAS-F and SERVIS-1 satellites are used for the investigation of the solar proton penetration, trapping and acceleration in the Earths magnetosphere during magnetic storms in November 2004 and January 2005. After trapping during recovery of the 7-8.11.04 magnetic storm radial transport and acceleration of the solar protons weer registered during several days the magnetic disturbances. At the end of this interval acceleration was interrupted by precipitation. As a result new proton belt was created with two maxima at L~ 2 and 3. Simultaneously by similar scenarion well knovn process of the relativistic electrons acceleration was registered. In a sequence of the moderate magnetic storms on January 2005 solar proton traping was registered during 17-18.01.05 storm with maximum at L=3.7. But it did not stay for long because during 21.01.05 magnetic storm occur in the quasitrapping region and vanished'. Two proton radiation belts at K=2 and 3 created during Novembrer storms were conserved. Renovations of the proton (and electron) radiattion belts during strong magnetic storms are changing belt structure for a long time. New structure created during July 2004 magnetic storm does not desapear until the new storm in November 2004.

Lazutin L.L., Logachev Ju. I., Muravieva E.A. Solar 1-20 MeV protons as a source of the proton radiation belt.
After several strong magnetic storms of the last solar cycle, the 1-20 MeV proton belt intensity was enhanced by one or two order higher than the prestorm level. Solar cosmic ray capture is supposed to be the source of this new proton belts. Using particle measurements of the low-altitude satellites we summarize findings of particle trapping and acceleration mechanisms and the lifetime of the enhanced proton belt. Approximation of the measurements onto the last three solar cycles shows that the classical mechanism of the proton belt creation by slow radial diffusion is dominating only half of a cycle time. On the other half the proton belt enhanced population was created by solar protons. We conclude that existing radiation belt model must be revised, which is important for the radiation belt physics and space weather applications.

Co-authors

updated - 27.04.2005, 25.05.2008, 3.05.2009, 20.10.2010